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| id | Vol-3194/paper67 |
| wikidataid | →Q117344900 |
| title | Accounting for Bossy Users in Context-Aware Group Recommendations |
| pdfUrl | https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3194/paper67.pdf |
| dblpUrl | https://dblp.org/rec/conf/sebd/AzzaliniQRT22 |
| volume | Vol-3194→Vol-3194 |
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Accounting for Bossy Users in Context-Aware Group Recommendations
Accounting for Bossy Users in Context-Aware Group
Recommendations
(Discussion Paper)
Davide Azzalini1 , Elisa Quintarelli2 , Emanuele Rabosio1 and Letizia Tanca1
1
Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
2
University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Abstract
Lots of activities, like watching a movie or going to the restaurant, are intrinsically group-based. To rec-
ommend such activities to groups, traditional single-user recommendation techniques are not appropriate
and, as a consequence, over the years a number of group recommender systems have been developed.
Recommending items to be enjoyed together by a group of people poses many ethical challenges: in
fact, a system whose unique objective is to achieve the best recommendation accuracy might learn to
disadvantage submissive users in favor of more aggressive ones. In this work we investigate the ethical
challenges of context-aware group recommendations, in the general case of ephemeral groups (i.e.,
groups where the members might be together for the first time), using a method that can recommend
also items that are new to the system. We show the goodness of our method on two real-world datasets.
The first one is a very large dataset containing the personal and group choices regarding TV programs of
7,921 users w.r.t. sixteen contexts of viewing, while the second one gathers the musical preferences (both
individual and in groups) of 280 real users w.r.t. two contexts of listening. Our extensive experiments
show that our method always manages to obtain the highest recall while delivering ethical guarantees in
line with the other fair group recommender systems tested.
Keywords
group recommender systems, context-aware recommender systems, computer ethics, fairness
1. Introduction
Recommender Systems are software tools and techniques that provide suggestions for items to
be of use to a user [1]. Several everyday activities are intrinsically group-based, thus recent
research concentrates also on systems that suggest activities that can be performed together
with other people and are typically social. The group recommendation problem introduces
further challenges with respect to the traditional single-user recommendations: (i) the group
members may have different preferences, and finding items that meet the tastes of everyone may
be impossible; (ii) a group may be formed by people who happen to be together for the first time,
and, in this case, not being any history of the group’s preferences available, the recommendation
can only be computed on the basis of those known for the group members combined by means of
some aggregation function; (iii) last but not least, people, when in a group, may exhibit different
SEBD 2022: The 30th Italian Symposium on Advanced Database Systems, June 19-22, 2022, Tirrenia (PI), Italy
$ davide.azzalini@polimi.it (D. Azzalini); elisa.quintarelli@univr.it (E. Quintarelli); emanuele.rabosio@polimi.it
(E. Rabosio); letizia.tanca@polimi.it (L. Tanca)
© 2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
CEUR
Workshop
Proceedings
http://ceur-ws.org
ISSN 1613-0073
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)
�behaviors with respect to when they are alone, and therefore their individual preferences
sometimes might not be a reliable source of information. This last observation introduces an
unfairness problem: if the recommender system learns to consider the preferences of some
users as more relevant than those of the others, the overall satisfaction of the users belonging
to a group may not be optimal. This unbalance in the negotiation power that the system learns
to assign to different users, with the purpose of obtaining the best possible recommendation
accuracy, may be the result of unfair dynamics, e.g. some users being more aggressive and
some others not feeling confident enough to stand up for themselves. In this work we extend
a state-of-the-art system for context-aware recommendations to ephemeral groups based on
the concept of contextual influence [2, 3] to account also for fairness. Experiments on two
real-world datasets show that our approach outperforms seven other fair group recommender
systems by achieving a consistently better recall while providing similar ethical guarantees.
2. Related Work
Context-aware Recommender Systems
The majority of the existing approaches to Recommender Systems do not take into considera-
tion any contextual information, however, in many applications, the context of use might be
fundamental in guiding the current preference of a user [4]. Recent studies have shown that
Context-Aware Recommender Systems can generate a very high increase in performance [5].
Group Recommender Systems
Group Recommender Systems are systems that produce a common recommendation for a group
of users [6]. Group recommendations works usually address two kinds of groups: persistent
and ephemeral [7]. Persistent groups contain people that have a previous significant history of
activities together, while ephemeral groups are formed by people who happen to be together for
the first time. In the case of persistent groups, classical recommendation techniques can be used,
since the group can be considered as a single user, whereas, in the case of ephemeral groups,
recommendations must be computed on the basis of those known for the members of the group.
A number of different aggregation strategies for the individual preferences have been proposed
over the years [6], however most of these aggregation strategies clearly violate the fairness
principles. For instance, maximum satisfaction, used in [8, 9, 10, 11, 12], chooses the item for
which the individual preference score is the highest, effectively ignoring the satisfaction of most
of the users in the group. Other clear examples of unfair aggregation strategies are works such
as [13, 14, 15], which assign a different power to group members based on their expertise.
Fairness in Recommender Systems
In single-user Recommender Systems, fairness is usually assessed with regard to sensitive
attributes which are generally prone to discrimination (e.g., gender, ethnicity or social belonging)
by verifying the presence of a discriminated class within the user set [16, 17]. When fairness
is evaluated considering Group Recommender Systems, it should be computed within groups.
Since the groups we consider in this work are composed of few users, evaluating fairness in the
way just described is not a suitable solution. Instead of detecting unfairness towards a protected
�group of users, we aim to detect and prevent unfairness towards single users within a group
whose desires are not considered when forming a recommendation for the whole group.
Fairness in Group Recommender Systems
Some aggregation strategies exist that, despite not having been developed to explicitly address
ethical issues, aggregate individual preferences in a way that resembles fairness. Least misery,
used in [7, 8, 18, 19, 9, 20, 10, 11, 12, 21], chooses the items for which the lowest value among
the preferences of the group members is the greatest one. The authors in [22] introduce an
aggregation function which maximizes the satisfaction of group components, while, at the same
time, minimizes the disagreement among them. Average, used in [8, 23, 18, 19, 9, 10, 13, 11, 12, 21],
computes the group preference for an item as the arithmetic mean of the individual scores. Lastly,
some recent works try to explicitly target the aim of producing fair group recommendations. In
[24] the preferences of individual users are combined with a measure of fairness, to guarantee
that all the users are somehow satisfied. In [25, 26] two aggregation strategies are proposed: one
is based on the idea of proportionality, while the other one is based on the idea envy-freeness.
In [27] a greedy algorithm to achieve rank-sensitive balance is presented.
3. The proposed method
In this section we review a previous approach of ours, introduced in [2, 3], CtxInfl. Then, our
contribution to make CtxInfl more fair will be presented. The resulting method is named FARGO.
3.1. CtxInfl
We considere a set of items 𝐼 and a set of users 𝑈 , from which any group 𝐺 ∈ ℘(𝑈 ) can
be extracted. 𝐶 is the set of possible contexts in the given scenario, where a context 𝑐 is the
conjunction of a set of dimension/value pairs: e.g., for the TV dataset, a context might be
𝑐 = ⟨𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒_𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ∧ 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑒𝑛𝑑⟩. We assume the availability of a log ℒ
recording the history of the items previously chosen by groups formed in the past, where each
element of ℒ is a 4-ple (𝑡𝑗 , 𝑐𝑗 , 𝐺𝑗 , 𝑖𝑗 ), 𝑡𝑗 being the time instant in which the item 𝑖𝑗 ∈ 𝐼 has
been chosen by the group 𝐺𝑗 ∈ ℘(𝑈 ) in the context 𝑐𝑗 ∈ 𝐶. A contextual scoring function
𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒(𝑢, 𝑖, 𝑐), with 𝑢 ∈ 𝑈 , 𝑖 ∈ 𝐼, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐶, assigning to each user the score given to the items in
the various contexts, is computed offline on the basis of the log of the past individual choices
and of the item descriptions in terms of their attributes, using any context-aware recommender
system for single users from the literature. 𝑇 𝑜𝑝𝐾(𝑢, 𝑐, 𝑡) is the function that returns the list
of the 𝐾 items preferred by user 𝑢 in context 𝑐, according to the values of 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒(𝑢, 𝑖, 𝑐), for
each 𝑖 ∈ 𝐼 available at instant 𝑡. Given a target group 𝐺 ∈ ℘(𝑈 ), a context 𝑐 ∈ 𝐶 and a time
instant 𝑡, the group recommendation is obtained by recommending to the users in 𝐺 a list (i.e.,
an ordered set) of 𝐾 items, considered interesting in context 𝑐, from those items in 𝐼 that are
available at time instant 𝑡, according to the following procedure:
�3.1.1. Influence computation
The group preference for an item is obtained by aggregating the individual preferences of the
group members on the basis of their influence. In each context 𝑐, the influence 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑙(𝑢, 𝑐) of a
given user 𝑢 is derived offline by comparing the behavior of 𝑢 when alone (i.e., 𝑢’s individual
preferences) with 𝑢’s behaviors in groups (i.e., the interactions contained in the log ℒ). Basically,
the influence of 𝑢 tells us how many times the groups containing 𝑢 have selected one of 𝑢’s
favorite items. Let 𝑇 𝑜𝑝𝐾(𝑢, 𝑐, 𝑡) be the list of the 𝐾 items preferred by user 𝑢 in context 𝑐,
according to the values of 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒(𝑢, 𝑖, 𝑐) for each 𝑖 ∈ 𝐼 available at instant 𝑡. The contextual
influence is defined as follows:
|𝑙𝑗 ∈ ℒ : 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑗 ∧ 𝑢 ∈ 𝐺𝑗 ∧ 𝑖𝑗 ∈ 𝑇 𝑜𝑝𝐾(𝑢, 𝑐, 𝑡𝑗 )|
𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑙(𝑢, 𝑐) = (1)
|𝑙𝑗 ∈ ℒ : 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑗 ∧ 𝑢 ∈ 𝐺𝑗 |
The value of 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑙(𝑢, 𝑐) quantifies the ability of user 𝑢 to direct the group’s decision towards
𝑢’s own tastes while in context 𝑐.
3.1.2. Top-K Group Recommendation Computation
Top-𝐾 recommendations are computed online, when a group of users requires that the system
suggests some interesting items to be enjoyed together. The system must compute the group
preferences for the items, and then determine the 𝐾 items with the highest scores. Given a
group 𝐺 ∈ ℘(𝑈 ), its preference 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒(𝐺, 𝑖, 𝑐) for 𝑖 ∈ 𝐼 in the context 𝑐 ∈ 𝐶 is computed as
the average of the preferences of its members weighed on the basis of each member’s influence
(Eq. 1) in context 𝑐:
∑︀
𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑙(𝑢, 𝑐) · 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒(𝑢, 𝑖, 𝑐)
𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒(𝐺, 𝑖, 𝑐) = 𝑢∈𝐺 ∑︀ (2)
𝑢∈𝐺 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑙(𝑢, 𝑐)
Then, the top-𝐾 list of items preferred by a certain group 𝐺 in context 𝑐 at time instant 𝑡 is
determined by retrieving the 𝐾 items with the highest scores among those available at time 𝑡.
3.2. FARGO
Being CtxInfl based on the concept of influence, it inevitably privileges the preferences of the
most influential users. As a consequence, the results of the recommendation process are biased
towards the preference of one user or few users of the group who can be considered as the
leaders, or, using a more contemporary word, “influencers". Our aim is to add an element of
fairness to CtxInfl while maintaining its general structure, which already proved to be very
efficient and scalable [3]. Among the various phases of CtxInfl on which we could act (i.e.,
individual preferences computation, influence computation, and Top-K group recommendations
computation), the last is the most suitable one, as it is the only one acting on groups. Following
this intuition, we propose to add a fairness factor to the computation of the score for each item
(Eq. 2), in order to modify the order of the items in the Top-𝐾 list produced in such a way that
items representing unfair recommendations will not appear on top. This is further motivated by
the fact that, when people make decisions in groups, not necessarily they follow the decision
of a leader (as assumed by CtxInfl): in some cases people may take decisions trying to satisfy
�every group member as much as possible. This means that considering only influence may not
be a complete strategy even if we put aside our ethical concerns. In order not to increase the
complexity of the computation of Eq. 2, we build our fairness element using just the individual
contextual scores, which are already used to compute Eq. 2. We call consensus the metric that
quantifies how much the individual preferences of group members agree on the evaluation of
an item. The consensus of a group 𝐺 on an item 𝑖 in a context 𝑐 is therefore defined as:
∑︀ (︀ )︀2
𝑢∈𝐺 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒(𝑢, 𝑖, 𝑐) − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒(𝑢, 𝑖, 𝑐)
consensus(𝐺, 𝑖, 𝑐) = 1 − , (3)
|𝐺|
where 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒(𝑢, 𝑖, 𝑐) is the average score for item 𝑖 among 𝐺’s members in context 𝑐. The
consensus for an item for which users gave a similar evaluation will be close to 1, while it will
reach its minimum when very discordant scores are considered. According to the formula of
the maximum variance, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑠 ∈ [0.75, 1]. After having defined 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑠, we propose
to integrate it in Eq. 2 in the following way:
∑︀
𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑙(𝑢, 𝑐) · 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒(𝑢, 𝑖, 𝑐)
𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟_𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒(𝐺, 𝑖, 𝑐) = 𝑢∈𝐺 ∑︀ · consensus(𝐺, 𝑖, 𝑐)|𝐺| (4)
𝑢∈𝐺 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑙(𝑢, 𝑐)
We exponentiate consensus to the group size (with the effect of further reducing the overall
score) according to the intuition that the magnitude of unfairness in group recommendations
is proportional to the group size. In fact, the bigger the group, the bigger the potential harm
produced by taking into consideration solely the leader/influencer’s will is.
4. Experimental Results
In this section we present the results obtained by applying the proposed approach to two
different real-world datasets. To evaluate the recommendation performance we use recall,
considering for 𝐾 (number of items to be recommended) the values 1, 2 and 3. To evaluate the
ethical properties of our method we used the two metrics proposed in [28] for estimating user
discrimination, called score disparity and recommendation disparity, adapted to our needs. Score
disparity is computed as the Gini coefficient of user satisfaction, i.e., the relative gain achieved
by the user due to the actual recommendation with respect to the optimal recommendation
strategy from the user perspective. Recommendation disparity is computed as the Gini coefficient
of user gains, i.e., how many of the recommended items match the user Top-K items.
We compare our approach to the following methods: average (AVG) [8, 23, 18, 19, 9, 10, 13,
11, 12, 21], Fair Lin [24], Fair Prop [25, 26], Envy Free [25, 26], minimum disagreement (Dis)
[22], least misery (LM) [7, 8, 18, 19, 9, 20, 10, 11, 12, 21] and GFAR [27].
4.1. TV Dataset
This dataset contains TV viewing information related to 7,921 users and 119 channels, broad-
casted both over the air and by satellite. The dataset is composed of an Electronic Program
Guide (EPG) containing the description of 21,194 distinct programs, and a log containing both
individual and group viewings performed by the users. The log spans from December 2012 to
� K=1 K=2 K=3
Recall DS DR Recall DS DR Recall DS DR
FARGO 37.94% 7.61% 17.85% 54.08% 1.85% 12.69% 64.20% 0.89% 10.08%
AVG 33.914% 7.07% 18.15% 51.56% 2.93% 8.78% 62.91% 1.36% 7.53%
Fair Lin 33.22% 8.83% 18.25% 50.80% 3.59% 7.46% 61.21% 1.61% 7.01%
Fair Prop 32.99% 8.83% 13.45% 50.55% 4.25% 8.90% 62.03% 1.79% 7.70%
Envy Free 29.33% 10.43% 13.81% 47.37% 4.23% 10.87% 58.67% 1.89% 8.72%
Dis 33.57% 6.67% 17.45% 51.95% 2.76% 8.97% 63.26% 1.30% 7.61%
LM 30.35% 5.69% 12.42% 47.10% 2.58% 10.11% 58.27% 1.25% 8.18%
GFAR 30.47% - 18.28% 44.48% - 5.59% 55.19% - 7.41%
Table 1
Comparison with other fair methods on TV dataset
February 2013 and contains 4,968,231 entries, among which we retained just the syntonizations
longer than three minutes. 3,519,167 viewings were performed by individual users, and are
used to compute the individual preferences of the group members. The remaining 1,449,064
viewings have been done by more than one person. The two context dimensions considered are
day of the week (weekday vs. weekend) and the time slot. The available values for the time slot
are: graveyard slot, early morning, morning, daytime, early fringe, prime access, primetime,
and late fringe. Group viewings are split into a training set (1,210,316 entries), and a test set
(238,748 entries) with a 80%-20% ratio. Results are reported in Table 1. Note that the superiority
of our method, recall-wise, is very pronounced. For what regards the ethical guarantees, FARGO,
delivers a very good score disparity, while, for what regards the recommendation disparity, it
seems to perform generally worse than the other methods (except for 𝑘 = 1, for which its
performance is on par with the other methods). Note that for GFAR it is not possible to compute
the score disparity as it does not involve the computation of group scores for the items.
4.2. Music Dataset
This dataset1 has been created within the scope of a user study by asking participants to fill in
two different forms: an individual form collecting demographic data (i.e., age and gender) and
contextual individual preferences about music artists, and a group form to be filled in groups
asking for a collective choice of a music artist that was available at the time of the choice in a
particular context. The following two listening contexts have been selected, considering that
both are common situations users can relate to both when alone and when with other people,
and that users’ preferences would likely be different in each of them: during a car trip and at
dinner as background music. The dataset obtained contains data gathered from 280 users. For
each user, preferences regarding both the car trip and dinner contexts are gathered. From the
group forms, 498 context-aware collective preferences have been gathered. Of this, 272 groups
were composed of 2 users, 158 of 3 users, 32 of 4 users and 36 of 5 users. As for the previous
dataset, we used a 80%-20% split for training and test sets. Results are reported in Table 2. Also
in this case FARGO delivers the best recall. Contrarily to the previous dataset, in this case our
method achieves a very good recommendation disparity. For what regards the score disparity, all
methods provide very low (i.e., good) values.
1
The dataset can be downloaded at https://github.com/azzada/FARGO.
� K=1 K=2 K=3
Recall DS DR Recall DS DR Recall DS DR
FARGO 25.00% 2.19% 1.62% 40.28% 0.87% 2.03% 49.31% 0.53% 2.40%
AVG 12.50% 0.81% 3.24% 25.00% 0.39% 2.91% 34.72% 0.25% 2.71%
Fair Lin 11.11% 2.19% 4.17% 23.61% 0.81% 2.14% 31.94% 0.48% 1.81%
Fair Prop 13.19% 0.66% 2.55% 20.83% 0.38% 3.24% 29.86% 0.37% 3.00%
Envy Free 12.50% 0.81% 3.24% 25.00% 0.39% 2.95% 34.72% 0.25% 2.71%
Dis 22.92% 0.74% 3.41% 34.72% 0.43% 2.83% 41.67% 0.32% 2.49%
LM 13.89% 1.14% 3.76% 25.00% 0.35% 3.13% 34.72% 0.28% 1.99%
GFAR 6.06% - 8.73% 24.24% - 1.88% 33.33% - 6.24%
Table 2
Comparison with other fair methods on Music dataset
5. Conclusions
In this paper we have introduced FARGO, a new method for providing fair, context-aware
recommendations to ephemeral groups able also to recommend items new in the system.
Considering both recall and fairness, it is not possible to identify a best overall method across all
datasets and values of 𝐾. Even if we ignored recall, a clear winner fairness-wise is not evident
(all methods tested, except for Dis, perform best fairness-wise for at least a value of 𝐾 in at least
one dataset). We argue that the relationship between fairness and recommendation accuracy
should be seen as a tradeoff. On both datasets of our experiments, FARGO provides the best
solution to such tradeoff by achieving the best recall across all values of 𝐾 while delivering
similar ethical guarantees to the other fair methods tested. Contrarily to what one might think,
LM is not the best method fairness-wise, and this implies that the problem of maximizing
both recall and fairness is not a simple one. This is a complex problem that deserves further
investigations, as recall and fairness seem not to be inversely correlated in a trivial manner.
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